Thiazoles and their use in controlling insects and pests

ABSTRACT

Certain 2-(3-pyridyl) thiazoles are useful for the control of insects, and are particularly effective against aphids. Many of these thiazoles are new compounds.

This invention is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 140,571 filed May 5, 1971 now abandoned and relates to the use of certain 2-(3-pyridyl) thiazoles for use in selectively controlling insects, and, particularly, aphids. Many of these thiazoles are new compounds.

Some 2-(3-pyridyl) thiazoles are known from the prior art. See, for example, the following references:

Karrer and Schukri, Helv. Chim. Acta 28, 820 (1945);

Chemical Abstracts (CA) 54, 4571c (1960); C.A. 54, 9891c (1960); C.A. 55, 24739e (1961); C.A. 57, 16586b; C.A. 57, 9813b (1962); C.A. 49, 8249C (1955); C.A. 62, 10440g (1965); C.A. 62, 7764c (1965); C.A. 65, 8919b (1966); C.A. 48, 1341a (1954); C.A. 59, 11936b (1963); C.A. 63, 3496a (1965); and C.A. 59, 635de (1963).

However, none of these articles discloses such thiazoles as being useful in controlling insects.

In accordance with this invention, insects are effectively controlled using 2-(3-pyridyl) thiazoles or acid salts thereof, of the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein: R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ can be the same or different and can be hydrogen or an alkyl group containing up to 3 carbon atoms, and R and R¹ can be the same or different and are:

(a) hydrogen

(b) an alkyl group containing up to 6 carbon atoms

(c) a cycloalkyl group containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms

(d) a cyano group

(e) a nitro group

(f) --R¹⁰ COXR⁶ wherein R¹⁰ is a single covalent bond or a divalent aliphatic acyclic hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X is divalent sulfur or oxygen, and R⁶ can be

(i) hydrogen

(ii) a metal ion selected from the group, consisting of aluminum, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, nickel, potassium, sodium and, zinc, or a primary or secondary alkylammonium or alkanolammonium moiety

(iii) an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group containing up to 12 carbon atoms

(iv) a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms

(v) an aryl, aralkyl, alkyl substituted aralkyl, or alkaryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms

(vi) an hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, or aralkylaminoalkyl group containing up to 10 carbon atoms

(g) -- R¹⁰ COR⁷ where R¹⁰ has the meaning specified in (f) and wherein R⁷ can be:

(i) hydrogen

(ii) an alkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms or phenyl

(iii) an --NR⁸ R⁹ group wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and can be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and alkylaminoalkyl containing up to 8 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl of 5 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl, haloaryl, aralkyl or alkaryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a nitrogen-containing hererocyclic aromatic radical having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or R⁸ and R⁹ are joined together to form an alkyl substituted or non-substituted ring structure containing 4 to 7 carbon atoms and up to 2 atoms selected from nitrogen and oxygen, or R⁸ or R⁹ forms an alkylene group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms joining two members of the general formula, the members being the same or different.

(h) R¹ and R are joined together to form a benzene ring fused to the thiazole ring; or, an acid salt or metal complex of said general formula compound.

Acid salts and metal complexes of these thiazoles are also effective in controlling insects, particularly the salts made by reaction with hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, and sulfuric acid. The metal complexes can be of the types described in the book entitled Pyridine and its Derivatives, E. Klingsberg, editor, part I, pages 40 ff., Interscience Publishers, New York, 1960.

Within the generic class, the preferred compounds of the general formula (I) are those where: R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ can by hydrogen or methyl, R can be:

(a) hydrogen

(b) methyl

(c) a cyano group

(d) a nitro group

(e) --R¹⁰ COXR⁶ wherein R¹⁰ is a single covalent bond or methylene, X is divalent sulfur or oxygen, and R⁶ can be:

(i) hydrogen

(ii) a metal salt selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium and zinc, or a primary or secondary alkylammonium or alkanolammonium moiety

(iii) an alkyl, alkenyl or alknyl group containing up to 5 carbon atoms

(iv) a cycloalkyl group having 5 to 6 carbon atoms

(v) phenyl

(vi) an hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or alkylaminoalkyl group containing up to 4 carbon atoms

(f) --R¹⁰ COR⁷ wherein R¹⁰ has the meaning specified in (e) and wherein R⁷ can be:

(i) hydrogen

(ii) methyl

(iii) --NR⁸ R⁹ wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and can be hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having up to 4 carbon atoms, an aminoalkyl or alkylaminoalkyl having no more than 5 carbon atoms wherein the sum of the carbon atoms of R⁸ and R⁹ is no greater than 6, a cycloalkyl having 5 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ are joined together to form an alkyl substituted or non-substituted ring structure containing 4 to 6 carbon atoms and up to 2 atoms selected from nitrogen and oxygen

R¹ can be:

(a) hydrogen

(b) an alkylyl having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms

(c) --R¹⁰ COXR⁶ wherein R¹⁰ is methylene, X is divalent sulfur or oxygen, and R⁶ can be hydrogen, an alkyl having 1 to 2 carbon atoms, or NH₂ ; or,

an acid salt or metal complex of said general formula compound.

The most preferred compounds of the general formula (I) are those where: R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, R can be hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, a cyano group, a nitro group or --COXR⁶ wherein X, is divalent sulfur or oxygen and wherein R⁶ can be:

(a) an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or alkylaminoalkyl group having up to 4 carbon atoms or

(b) phenyl or cyclohexyl, or

R is --CONR⁸ R⁹ wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and can be hydrogen or alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or when either R⁸ or R⁹ is hydrogen, the other group can be an hydroxyalkyl having up to 2 carbon atoms, an alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkylaminoalkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a cyclohexyl radical, or R⁸ and R⁹ can be joined together to form a ring structure which can contain an oxygen atom, and R¹ can be hydrogen, methyl, --CH₂ COOCH₃, --CH₂ COOC₂ H₅, or --CH₂ CONH₂ ; or, a salt complex formed by the association of said general formula compound with an acid selected from the group HCl, HBr, HI and H₂ SO₄.

Compounds falling within the scope of general formula (I) and found useful in controlling insects include:

2-(3-pyridyl)-4-ethyl-5-propylthiazole

5-propyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole

4-propyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarbonitrile

5-nitro-4-propyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole, the HCl salt thereof

2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazolecarbonitrile

N,N-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazolepropionamide

N,N,4-trimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazoleacetamide

N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-4,5-thiazole dicarboxamide

Dichloro [N,N,4-trimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide] zinc

N-butyl-N,4-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole carboxamide

2-(5-methyl-3-pyridyl)benzothiazole

N,N-diethyl-5-nitro-2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazoleacetamide

It is of particular significance to note that the compounds of the invention derive their useful activity from the --2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole moiety whereas substituents R-R⁵ are important only to the extent of controlling the degree of activity of the compounds.

The compounds of this invention are generally effective against insects of the class Insecta and particularly insects in the orders Hemiptera and Homoptera. In these orders, members of the families Aphididae (aphids), Psyllidae (psyllas) and Aleyrodidae (white flies) are controlled most effectively.

Table A below lists some of the harmful insects which these compounds control effectively.

                  TABLE A                                                          ______________________________________                                          Order homoptera                                                               Family Aphididae           Common Name                                         Common Name   Scientific Name                                                                             of Host Plant                                       Green apple aphid                                                                           Aphis pomi    Apple                                               Rosy apple aphid                                                                            Auraphis rosea                                                                               Apple                                               Apple grain aphid                                                                           Rhopalosiphium                                                                               Barley                                                           prunifoliae                                                       Corn leaf aphid                                                                             Rhopalosiphium                                                                               Barley                                                           maidis                                                            Green cabbage aphid                                                                         Brevicoryne   Collard                                                          brassica                                                          Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii                                                                               Cotton                                              Green peach aphid                                                                           Myzus persicae                                                                               Cotton                                              Black bean aphid                                                                            Aphis fabae   Cow peas                                            Black pecan aphid                                                                           Timocallis    Pecan                                                            caryaefoliae                                                      Yellow aphid Monellia spp. Peacan                                              Pea aphid    Macrosiphum pisi                                                                             Broadbean                                            Family Psyllidae          Common Name                                         Common Name   Scientific Name                                                                             of Host Plant                                       Pear Psylla  Psylla pyricola                                                                              Pear                                                 Family Aleyrodidae                                                            Greenhouse white                                                                            Trialeurodes  Tobacco                                             fly          vaporariorum                                                      ______________________________________                                    

Beneficial insects, such as hymenopterous wasps, which feed upon aphids, are apparently unaffected by these compounds at dosage rates effective for aphid control. Other beneficial insects which enjoy similar advantages include lady bird beetles (Coccinellidae), syrphid fly larvae (Syrphidae) and lace wings (Chrysopidae), and parasitic insects of superfamilies such as Ichneumonidea and Chalcidoidea.

For practical applications, the compounds of the invention can be used alone, or dissolved or suspended in suitable carriers such as water, alcohols, ketones, phenols, toluene or xylenes. Optionally, one or more surface active agent and/or inert diluent can be added to the formulation to facilitate handling. The formulations can take the form of dusts, granules, wettable powders, emulsifiable concentrates, water solution concentrates, or a water soluble solid.

These formulations will contain amounts of the compounds effective for the particular method of insect control. These amounts can vary widely; typically, the range is from 0.1 to 95% active ingredient. Spray dilutions can contain from a few parts per million to full strength concentrates applied by ultra low volume techniques. Concentration per unit area, where plants are the area treated, can vary from 0.1 to 10 pounds per acre.

Commonly, the compounds are applied directly to the insects, or to areas the insects occupy. To control aphids, for example, sprays of the compounds are applied to the aphids directly, to plants upon which they feed, or both. Sprays applied to the aphid-infested plants kill effectively even if direct contact does not occur, as where the aphids cling to the inner surface of a curled up leaf or lie in a protected leaf sheath of, for example, a grain plant. Another effective method of attack involves application of the compounds to the soil or other medium in which insect-infested plants live. The compounds act systemically upon the insects after the compound is absorbed by the plants.

Harmful insects attack a wide variety of plants, including both ornamental and agricultural plants such as chrysanthemum, azalea, cotton, corn, wheat, apple and tobacco, and inflict damage by withdrawing vital juices from the plants, by secreting toxins, and often by transmitting diseases. These compounds can prevent such damage. The methods of application, and the selection and concentration of these compounds, will be varied depending upon such circumstances as area, climate, prevalent diseases, etc. One skilled in the art can select the proper approach by simple experiments.

Many of the insecticidal compounds of this invention are new. The new compounds have the general formula (I) and include those where R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ can be the same or different and can be hydrogen or an alkyl group containing up to 3 carbon atoms, and R and R¹ can be the same or different and are:

(a) hydrogen, provided R¹ is not hydrogen, methyl, --COOH or --COOC₂ H₅

(b) methyl, provided R¹ is not hydrogen

(c) an alkyl group containing up to 6 carbon atoms

(d) a cycloalkyl group containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms

(e) a cyano group

(f) a nitro group

(g) --R¹⁰ COXR⁶ wherein R¹⁰ is a single covalent bond or a divalent aliphatic acyclic hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X is divalent sulfur or oxygen, and R⁶ can be

(i) hydrogen

(ii) a metal ion selected from the group consisting of aluminum, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, nickel, potassium, sodium and zinc, or a primary or secondary alkylammonium or alkanolammonium moiety

(iii) an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group containing up to 12 carbon atoms

(iv) a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms

(v) an aryl, aralkyl, alkyl substituted aralkyl, or alkaryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms

(vi) an hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, or aralkylaminoalkyl group containing up to 10 carbon atoms.

(h) --R¹⁰ COR⁷ where R¹⁰ has the meaning specified in (g) and wherein R⁷ can be:

(i) hydrogen

(ii) an alkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms or phenyl

(iii) an --NR⁸ R⁹ group wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and can be: hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl and alkylaminoalkyl containing up to 8 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl of 5 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl, haloaryl, aralkyl, alkaryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic radical having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or R⁸ and R⁹ are joined together to form an alkyl substituted or non-substituted ring structure containing 4 to 7 carbon atoms and up to 2 atoms selected from nitrogen and oxygen, or R⁸ or R⁹ forms an alkylene group of 2 to 4 carbon atoms joining two members of the general formula, the members being the same or different; or,

an acid salt or metal complex of said general formula compound.

A more preferred group of the new compounds are those where: R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ can be hydrogen or methyl, R can be:

(a) hydrogen or methyl, provided R¹ is not hydrogen, alkyl, --COOH, or --COOC₂ H₅

(b) a cyano group

(c) a nitro group

(d) --R¹⁰ COXR⁶ wherein R¹⁰ is a single covalent bond or methylene, X is divalent sulfur or oxygen and R⁶ can be:

(i) hydrogen

(ii) a metal salt selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium and zinc, or a primary or secondary alkylammonium or alkanolammonium moiety

(iii) an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group containing up to 5 carbon atoms

(iv) a cycloalkyl group having 5 to 6 carbon atoms

(v) phenyl

(vi) an hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or alkylaminoalkyl group containing up to 4 carbon atoms

(e) --R¹⁰ COR⁷ wherein R¹⁰ has the meaning specified in (d) and wherein R⁷ can be:

(i) hydrogen

(ii) methyl

(iii) --NR⁸ R⁹ wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and can be hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having up to 4 carbon atoms, an aminoalkyl or alkylaminoalkyl having no more than 5 carbon atoms wherein the sum of the carbon atoms of R⁸ and R⁹ is no greater than 6, a cycloalkyl having 5 to 6 carbon atoms, phenyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ are joined together to form an alkyl substituted or non-substituted ring structure containing 4 to 6 carbon atoms and up to 2 atoms selected from nitrogen and oxygen

R¹ can be:

(a) hydrogen, provided R is not hydrogen or alkyl

(b) alkyl having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, provided R is not hydrogen,

(c) --CH₂ COXR⁶ wherein X is a divalent sulfur or oxygen, and R⁶ can be hydrogen, an alkyl having 1 to 2 carbon atoms

(d) CH₂ CONH₂ ; or, an acid salt or metal complex of said general formula compound.

The most preferred group of the new compounds are those where: R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, R, when R¹ is methyl, can be methyl, ethyl, a cyano group, a nitro group or --COXR⁶ wherein X is divalent sulfur or oxygen and wherein R⁶ can be: an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or alkylaminoalkyl group having up to 4 carbon atoms, cyclohexyl or phenyl, or R is --CONR⁸ R⁹ or --CH₂ CONR⁸ R⁹ wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and can be hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or when either R⁸ or R⁹ is hydrogen, the other group can be an hydroxyalkyl radical having up to 2 carbon atoms, an alkoxyalkyl having up to 4 carbon atoms, alkylaminoalkyl radical having up to 5 carbon atoms or cyclohexyl, or R⁸ and R⁹ can be joined together to form a ring structure having 4 to 5 carbon atoms and which can contain an oxygen atom R¹, can be methyl provided R is methyl, and can be --CH₂ COOCH₃, --CH₂ COOC₂ H₅, --CH₂ CONH₂ provided R is hydrogen; or, a salt complex formed by the association of said general formula compound with an acid selected from the group HCl, HBr, HI and H₂ SO₄.

Examples of these new compounds are:

4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)5-thiazolecarboxamide

N,4-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide

N-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide

N-isopropyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide

N-isobutyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide

N-tert-butyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide

N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide

N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-2-(3-pyridyl)-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxamide

N,N-4-trimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide

N,N-diethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide, and its sulfuric acid salt

N,N-diisopropyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide

4-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolylcarbonyl]-morpholine

N-dodecyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate and its hydrochloric acid salt

2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazolecarboxamide

N-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazolecarboxamide

4-[2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazolylcarbonyl] morpholine

4-methyl-5-nitro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole, and its hydrochloric acid salt.

The new compounds of this invention can be made by prior art processes, most conveniently by reacting the appropriate thioamide (II), such as thionicotinamide or a derivative of thionicotinamide, with an alpha halocarbonyl compound (III, where X' is chlorine or bromine). The resulting 2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole hydrohalide salt (IV) may be isolated as such or can be converted to the base (V). The synthesis can be represented by the following equation: ##STR2##

The synthesis can be performed by mixing the thionicotinamide, or alkyl-substituted thionicotinamide with an equivalent quantity of the halocarbonyl compound in a suitable polar solvent, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, 2-methoxyethanol or dimethylformamide, and heating the mixture to about 60° to 100° C. for several hours (usually from two to ten hours). In general, yields are improved by slowly adding to the reactants an approximately equivalent amount, or slightly (preferably two-thirds to one equivalent) less of a tertiary amine such as triethylamine or other suitable organic base such as pyridine, during the course of the reaction. A weak inorganic base such as sodium bicarbonate can also be used.

The addition of the base probably assists the reaction by neutralizing hydrogen halide which otherwise would form a salt with the thionicotinamide and impede its reaction with the halocarbonyl compound. Without addition of base, reaction of equimolar quantities of thionicotinamide and ethyl 2-chloroacetoacetate, for example, gives ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate in yields of only 35-40% whereas when an equivalent amount of triethylamine is added, yields of 70-75% are obtained.

Alternatively, the halocarbonyl compound may be reacted with approximately two equivalents of thionicotinamide or thionicotinamide derivative and the unused thioamide recovered from its hydrogen halide salt. Thus, the synthesis, as usually performed in making the chemicals of this invention, can be represented as follows: ##STR3## where B is excess thioamide or another organic base such as pyridine or triethylamine. (When sodium bicarbonate is used, carbon dioxide, water and sodium chloride are formed instead of Base ·HX.) Yields can also be improved by removing the water formed as the reaction proceeds. The water can be conveniently removed by azeotropic distillation at atmospheric pressure or under reduced pressure, depending on the solvent or solvents used and the reaction temperature required. Solvents such as butanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-methoxyethanol or mixtures of solvents such as butanol and benzene or toluene are suitable reaction media under these conditions. For example, N,N,4-trimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide is obtained in yields of 60-65% when 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide is reacted with two equivalents of thionicotinamide in 1-butanol at 75° C. without water removal. However, if the water formed is removed by azeotropic distillation during the reaction, yields are improved to 70-75%.

Some of the chemicals prepared by the above methods, in particular the lower alkyl esters of the carboxyl and carboxymethyl derivatives, such as ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate, methyl 2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate or methyl 2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazoleacetate, may be employed as intermediates in making other chemicals of the invention. For example, ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate is readily hydrolyzed by heating with aqueous alkali (e.g., sodium hydroxide), and subsequent neutralization of the hydrolysis mixture with acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid or acetic acid) precipitates 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid.

Treatment of this acid with thionyl chloride in a suitable solvent, such as chloroform or toluene, yields 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarbonyl chloride hydrochloride which can be reacted with ammonia, or a primary or secondary amine, to obtain the corresponding amides. The acid chloride hydrochlorides can also be used as intermediates for making other derivatives, such as esters, and thioesters.

The following examples illustrate preparation of the compounds of the invention, and their effective, often selective, attack upon insects.

EXAMPLE I Preparation of Ethyl 4-Methyl-2-(3-Pyridyl)-5-Thiazolecarboxylate

Thionicotinamide (207 g., 1.50 moles), isopropyl alcohol (600 ml.) and ethyl 2-chloroacetoacetate (250 g., 1.52 moles) were placed in a flask equipped with a condenser and heated with stirring to 85°-90° C. About one-half hour later, slow dropwise addition of triethylamine (158 g., 1.56 moles) was begun. The addition was made during a period of six hours, and no solid remaining in the reaction mixture after about three-quarters of the amine had been added. The solution subsequently darkened considerably. Heating was continued for one hour after all the triethylamine had been added. When the reaction mixture was cooled, a crystalline precipitate formed, and was removed by filtration. The crystals (174 g.) were mainly triethylamine hydrochloride. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure, and water (500 ml.) and toluene (750 ml.) added to the residue. After a small amount of insoluble material (mostly thionicotinamide) had been removed by filtration, the toluene and water layers were separated.

The toluene layer was washed three times with ice-cold aqueous 5% sodium hydroxide (total volume: 600 ml.), and once with water (200 ml.), and was then extracted three times with dilute hydrochloric acid (total volume: 1200 ml., prepared by diluting 200 ml. of concentrated, i.e., 37%, acid). When the combined acid extracts were cooled in ice and made basic with aqueous ammonia, an oil precipitate was obtained which solidified within a few minutes. The solid was broken up, filtered off, washed with water and dried. The light tan product (267 g., 72% yield) melted at 55°-58° C.

Petroleum ether or aqueous ethanol are suitable solvents for recrystallization. An analytical sample, melting point (m.p.) 57°-60° C., recrystallized from ethanol-water, was found to contain 57.95% carbon, 4.86% hydrogen and 11.06% nitrogen. The values calculated for C₁₂ H₁₂ N₂ O₂ S are 58.04%, 4.87%, and 11.28%, respectively. The melting point of the chemical varied slightly from batch to batch, but in general melting occurred over a range of three to five degrees between 55° and 62° C. (because the product exists in two crystalline forms, one melting at about 58°, and the other, at 62° C.)

EXAMPLE II Preparation of 4-Methyl-2-(3-Pyridyl)-5-Thiazolecarboxylic Acid

A solution of sodium hydroxide (22 g., 0.55 mole) in water (300 ml.) was mixed with a solution of ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate (124 g., 0.50 mole) in 95% ethanol (150 ml.). The mixture was heated and stirred for about ten minutes on a steam bath, and then allowed to stand for one hour without further heating. When the ice-cooled reaction mixture was neutralized with dilute hydrochloric acid and acidified with acetic acid, a thick precipitate of finely divided white solid was obtained. The solid was collected by filtration, washed thoroughly with water, and dried in an oven at 110° C. The product (106 g., 96% yield) melted with decomposition at 249°-250° C.

EXAMPLE III Preparation of N,N-Diethyl-4-Methyl-2-(3-Pyridyl)-5-Thiazolecarboxamide and its Sulfate

A solution of thionyl chloride (40 g., 0.34 mole) in toluene (50 ml.) was added dropwise over a time period of one-half hour to a stirred suspension of powdered 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid (44 g., 0.20 mole) in toluene (450 ml.) at 50° C. The stirred reaction mixture, which became quite viscous during the addition, was maintained at 50°-60° C. for another three hours. The heat was removed and a stream of dry air was bubbled slowly through the mixture for about one hour while it cooled.

The mixture was cooled further in an ice bath and then filtered to remove the solid, crude 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid chloride hydrochloride, which was washed with fresh toluene (100 ml.) and partially air-dried. The solid was transferred in portions over one-half hour to a stirred, ice-cooled solution of diethylamine (60 g.) in toluene (400 ml.). After the addition was completed the ice-bath was removed, and the reaction mixture left overnight at room temperature. The toluene solution was then washed three times with water (50 ml. each time), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure on a steam bath.

Elemental analysis and the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the residual viscous amber liquid (49 g., 89% yield) confirmed that, apart from a remaining trace of toluene, the product was almost pure N,N-diethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide. After storage in a freezer for several weeks at -15° C, the product crystallized, m.p. 39°-41° C.

Treatment of a cold solution of the amide (14 g.) in ethyl acetate (75 ml.) with a cold solution of sulfuric acid (5 g.) in absolute ethanol (20 ml.) gave an immediate precipitate (15.2 g.) of the sulfate salt, m.p. 148°-150° C. Analytical results (C, 45.00%; H, 5.03%) were in agreement with the formula C₁₄ H₁₉ N₃ O₅ S₂, indicating combination of amide and sulfuric acid.

EXAMPLE IV Preparation of N,N.4-Trimethyl-2-(3-Pyridyl)-5-Thiazolecarboxamide

Crude 2-chloro-N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide (40 g., about 10% of which was 2,2-dichloro-N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide), prepared by reacting N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide with sulfuryl chloride in toluene at approximately 0° C., was mixed with thionicotinamide (55.2 g., 0.4 mole) and 1-butanol (250 ml.) in a reaction flask equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, Dean-Stark trap and condenser. The mixture was heated with stirring and the pressure in the apparatus lowered until boiling took place at 75° C. and the butanol-water azeotrope slowly distilled into the Dean-Stark trap. A total of 11 ml. of distillate, the aqueous layer of which was slightly over 3 ml., was collected during the next four hours. The rest of the butanol was then evaporated under vacuum at a maximum temperature of 80° C. The residue was treated with toluene (350 ml.) and the undissolved solid (A) collected by filtration. The filtrate was washed three times with a total of 100 ml. of 15% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid (30 ml. of 37% acid diluted to 120 ml.). The acid extract was made basic with aqueous ammonia and extracted with 150, 50 and 50 ml. portions of chloroform. The combined chloroform extracts were dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The viscous amber liquid residue crystallized on cooling. Yield of N,N,4-trimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide: 38.3 g. m.p. 62°-67° C. Recrystallization from ethyl acetate-hexane or toluene-ligroin raised the melting point to 67°-68° C.

Most of solid A (36.5 g.) dissolved when treated with 300 ml. of water and 5 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Basification of the filtered solution with aqueous ammonia precipitated thionicotinamide (25.7 g., m.p. 183°-185° C. decomp.). The yield of N,N,4-trimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide based on thionicotinamide consumed in the reaction, was 72.5%. When the reaction was carried out at the same temperature without removal of water by azeotropic distillation the yield was decreased by about 10%. Recrystallization from toluene or tolueneligroin also yielded another crystalline form of the product which melted at 93°-95° C. On storage, the lower melting form changed slowly to the higher melting form.

EXAMPLE V Preparation of 4-Methyl-5-Nitro-2-(3-Pyridyl) Thiazole (or 3-(4-Methyl-5-Nitro-2-Thiazolyl) Pyridine) and its Hydrochloride

3-(4-Methyl-2-thiazolyl) pyridine hydrochloride (21.3 g.), prepared by the procedure of Karrer and Schukri [Helv. Chim. Acta 28, 820 (1945); Chem. Abstr. 40, 1502 (1946)], was added in portions to a cold mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid (50 ml.) and fuming nitric acid (40 ml.). The reaction mixture was warmed to 60°-65° C. for 3 hours and then heated on a steam bath for 8 hours. The mixture was cooled, poured onto ice (300 g.), neutralized with cold 10% sodium hydroxide, and the product extracted with chloroform. Evaporation of the chloroform solution gave 17.5 g. (79% yield) of crude 4-methyl-5-nitro-2-(3-pyridyl) thiazole, m.p. 106°-113° C. After recrystallization from ethanol the product melted at 113°-115° C.

Treatment of a filtered solution of the crude product (10 g.) in acetone with cold concentrated hydrochloric acid (4.5 ml.) gave an immediate precipitate (10.5 g., 90% yield) of the hydrochloride, m.p. about 197°-198° C. decomp. (dependent on rate of heating). Calculated from C₉ H₈ Cl N₃ O₂ S: C, 41.94%; H, 3.13%. Found: C, 42.23% H, 3.13%.

The following Table B summarizes the preparation of the compounds described therein. The preparation methods denoted by the letters A through F are:

A. made directly by reaction of the appropriate thioamide and halocarbonyl compounds.

B. made by alkaline hydrolysis of the corresponding methyl or ethyl ester.

C. made from the corresponding pyridylthiazolecarboxylic or pyridylthiazoleacetic acid by way of the acid chloride hydrochloride.

D. made by dehydration of the amide (see compound 17) with phosphorus pentoxide.

E. made by nitration of the appropriate 3-(4-ethyl-2-thiazolyl) pyridine or its hydrochloride (Example V).

F. made by ammonolysia of the corresponding methyl or ethyl ester.

The percent yields listed in Table B are based on the starting materials for the method indicated. For example, in the cases where method C is indicated, the yields given are for conversion of the appropriate pyridylthiazolecarboxylic or pyridylthiazoleacetic acid to the products named. The figures given do not represent optimum yields, and in many cases higher yields are possible.

                                      TABLE B                                      __________________________________________________________________________                                              Me-                                                                            thod                                  Com-                                     of                M.P.                pound                                    Prepa-                                                                             Yield                                                                              M.P.                                                                               Salts of Salt             No. Name            R            R.sup.1 ration                                                                             %   (° C.)                                                                      Prepared                                                                             (°           __________________________________________________________________________                                                                C.)                 1   Methyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                 5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COOCH.sub.3  CH.sub.3                                                                               A   71  105-                                                                               Hydro-                                                                               ca212d                                                               107 chloride                  2   Ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                  5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                               A   72  56-58                                                                              Hydro-                                                                               206-                                                                     chloride                                                                             208d                                                                 60-62                                                                              sulfate                                                                              205-                                                                           208d                3   4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                      thiazolecarboxylic acid                                                                        COOH         CH.sub.3                                                                               B   96  249-                                                                               Potassium                                                                            ca335d                                                               250d                          4   Propyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                 5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COO(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                                CH.sub.3                                                                               A   14  60-61                         5   Isopropyl 4-methyl-2-(3-                                                       pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxyl-                                                   ate             COOCH(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                                       CH.sub.3                                                                               A   19  89-92                                                                              Hydro-                                                                               205.5-                                                                   chloride                                                                             207d                                                                     sulfate                                                                              181-                                                                           183                 6   Pentyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                 5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COO(CH.sub.2).sub.4 CH.sub.3                                                                CH.sub.3                                                                               A   64  35-36                         7   Dodecyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COO(CH.sub.2).sub.11 CH.sub.3                                                               CH.sub.3                                                                               A   5   39-42                                                                              Hydro-                                                                               ca150                                                                    chloride                  8   Cyclohexyl 4-methyl-2-(3-                                                      pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                 COOC.sub.6 H.sub.11                                                                         CH.sub.3                                                                               A   15  63-64                         9   Allyl 4-methyl 2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                  5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COOCH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2                                                                      CH.sub.3                                                                               C   29  83-85                         10  Propargyl 4-methyl-2-(3-                                                       pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                 COOCH.sub.2 CCH                                            CH.sub.3                                                                           C               29           124-                                                                                           125                           11  Benzyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                 5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COOCH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                                                 CH.sub.3                                                                               A   20  83-85                         12  Phenyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                 5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COOC.sub.6 H.sub.5                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                               C   34  72-74                         13  Methoxyethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-                                                    pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                 COOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3                                                              CH.sub.3                                                                               A   70  76-78                         14  Dimethylaminoethyl 4-methyl-2-                                                 (3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxyl-                                                ate             COOCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 N(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                      CH.sub. 3                                                                              C   52  50-53                         15  Phenyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                 5-thiazolecarbothiolate                                                                        COSC.sub.6 H.sub.5                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                               C   55  102-                                                                           104                           16  4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                      thiazolecarboxamide                                                                            CONH.sub.2   CH.sub.3                                                                               C,F 77  204-                                                                               Hydro-                                                                               241-                                                                 207 chloride                                                                             242d                17  4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                      cyanothiazole   CN           CH.sub.3                                                                               D   40  98-100                        18  N,4-Dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                    5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CONHCH.sub.3 CH.sub.3                                                                               C   49  148-                                                                           150                                                                            160-                                                                           162                           19  N-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CONHC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                         CH.sub.3                                                                               C   63  116-                                                                           118                           20  4-Methyl-N-propyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                               5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                               CH.sub.3                                                                               C   52  109-                                                                           110                           21  N-Isopropyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                     pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                 CONHCH(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                                      CH.sub.3                                                                               C   37  143-                                                                           144                           22  N-Butyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH.sub.3                                                               CH.sub.3                                                                               C   43  95-97                         23  N-tert-Butyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                    pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                 CONHC(CH.sub.3).sub.3                                                                       CH.sub.3                                                                               C   25  103-                                                                           105                                                                            and                                                                            121-                                                                           123                           24  N-Hexyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.5 CH.sub.3                                                               CH.sub.3                                                                               C   74  103-                                                                               Hydro-                                                                               199-                                                                 106 chloride                                                                             203d                25  4-Methyl-N-octyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.7 CH.sub.3                                                               CH.sub.3                                                                               C       90-92                         26  4-Methyl-N-tert-octyl-2-(3-                                                    pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                 CONHC(CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH.sub.2 C                                               (CH.sub.3).sub.3                                                                            CH.sub.3                                                                               C       85-87                         27  N-Cyclohexyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                    pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                 CONHC.sub.6 H.sub.11                                                                        CH.sub.3                                                                               C   69  63-64                         28  N-Benzyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                               5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CONHCH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                                                CH.sub.3                                                                               C   45  128-                                                                           129                           29  4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                      thiazolecarboxanilide                                                                          CONHC.sub.6 H.sub.5                                                                         CH.sub.3                                                                               A   66  149-                                                                           152                           30  N,N,4-Trimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                 5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CON(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                                         CH.sub.3                                                                               A, C                                                                               72, 70                                                                             67-68;                                                                         93-95                         31  N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                     pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                 CON(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2                                                                  CH.sub.3                                                                               A, C                                                                               57, 89                                                                             39-41                                                                              sulfate                                                                              148-                                                                           150                 32  N,N-Diisopropyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                 pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                 CON[CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2 ].sub.2                                                              CH.sub.3                                                                               C   61  69-70                         33  N,N-Diisobutyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                  pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                 CON[CH.sub.2 CH                                                                (CH.sub.3).sub.2 ].sub.2                                                                    CH.sub.3                                                                               C   23  71-72                         34  1-[4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                   thiazolecarbonyl]pyrrolidine                                                                    ##STR4##    CH.sub.3                                                                               C   66  75-77                         35  1-[4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                   thiazolecarbonyl]piperidine                                                                     ##STR5##    CH.sub.3                                                                               C   54  69-70                         36  4-[4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                   thiazolecarbonyl]morpholine                                                                     ##STR6##    CH.sub.3                                                                               C   69  121- 123                      37  N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-                                                   2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                      carboxamide     CONHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH                                                                    CH.sub.3                                                                               C   49  148-                                                                           150                           38  N-(2-Aminoethyl)-4-methyl-                                                     2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                      carboxamide     CONHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NH.sub.2                                                              CH.sub.3                                                                               C   27  84-87                         39  N,N'-Ethylenebis-[4-methyl-                                                    2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                      carboxamide]    CONHCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                                               C   55  287-                                                                           292d                          40  Ethyl 4-propyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                  5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                          (CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                              A   44  66-68                         41  5-Acetyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)                                                thiazole        COCH.sub.3   CH.sub.3                                                                               A       78-81                                                                              Hydro-                                                                         chloride                  42  2-(3-Pyridyl)-4-thiazole-                                                      carboxamide     H            CONH.sub.2                                                                             C       152-                                                                           154                           43  N-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-4-                                                      thiazolecarboxamide                                                                            H            CONHCH.sub.3                                                                           C   65  113-                                                                           115                           44  N,N-Diethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                     4-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          H            CON(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2                                                             C       64-66                         45  4-[2-(3-Pyridyl)-4-thiazole-                                                   carbonyl]morpholine                                                                            H                                                                                            ##STR7##                                                                              C       134- 136                      46  Methyl 2-(3-pyridyl)-4-                                                        thiazoleacetate H            CH.sub.2 COOCH.sub.3                                                                   A   21  64-66                         47  Ethyl 2-(3-pyridyl)-4-                                                         thiazoleacetate H            CH.sub.2 COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                            A   23  33-34                                                                              Hydro-                                                                         chloride                  48  2-(3-Pyridyl)-4-thiazole-                                                      acetic acid     H            CH.sub.2 COOH                                                                          B   86  192-                                                                           194                           49  Ethyl 4-methyl-2-(5-methyl-                                                    3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                         carboxylate     COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                               A   66  77-79                         50  Ethyl 4-methyl-2-(4-methyl-                                                    3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                         carboxylate     COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                               A   35  60-63                                                                              Hydro-                                                                               195-                                                                     chloride                                                                             197                 51  N-Isobutyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                      pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                           carboxamide     CONHCH.sub.2 CH(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                             CH.sub.3                                                                               C   62  111-                                                                           112                           52  N-sec-Butyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                     pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                           carboxamide     CONHCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                           CH.sub.3                                                                               C   66  144-                                                                           145                           53  4-Methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)-2-                                                      (3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                        carboxamide                                                                                     ##STR8##    CH.sub.3                                                                               C   41  184- 186                      54  4-Methyl-N-(3-dimethyl-                                                        aminopropyl)-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                    5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                          CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.3 N(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                      CH.sub.3                                                                               C   43  54-56                         55  N,N-Diallyl-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                     pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide                                                                 CON(CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2).sub.2                                                              CH.sub.3                                                                               C   61  oil Calculated for                                                                 C.sub.16 H.sub.17                                                              N.sub.3 OS:                                                                    C,64.18; H,5.72;                                                               N, 14.04 Found:                                                                C, 64.17; H, 5.65;                                                             N, 14.11.                 56  N,4-Dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                  thiazolecarboxanilide                                                                          CON(CH.sub.3)C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                                                CH.sub.3                                                                               C   42  135-                                                                           136                           57  N-Ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                5-thiazolecarboxanilide                                                                        CON(C.sub.2 H.sub.5)C.sub.6 H.sub.5                                                         CH.sub.3                                                                               C   31  85-86                         58  N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-N,4-di-                                                     methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                        thiazolecarboxamide                                                                            CON(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH                                                           CH.sub.3                                                                               C   68  83-84                         59  2,6 Dimethyl-4-[4-methyl-2-                                                    (3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                        carbonyl]morpholine                                                                             ##STR9##    CH.sub.3                                                                               C   55  Oil Calculated for                                                                 C.sub.16 H.sub.19                                                              N.sub.3 O.sub.2 S;                                                             C,60.54; H, 6.03;                                                              N,13.24; Found:                                                                C,60.67; H,6.38;                                                               N,13.27                   60  Ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)                                                   5-thiazolecarbothiolate                                                                        COSC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                          CH.sub.3                                                                               C   47  66-67                         61  4-Ethyl-5-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                thiazole (or: 3-(4-ethyl-5-                                                    methyl-2-thiazolyl)-pyridine)                                                                  CH.sub.3     C.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                        A   40  45-47                         62  Methyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-2-                                                    (3-pyridyl)-4-thiazoleacetate                                                                  COOCH.sub.3  CH.sub.2 COOCH.sub.3                                                                   A   34  84-86                         63  N-(3-Methoxypropyl)-4-methyl-                                                  2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazole-                                                      carboxamide     CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.3 OCH.sub.3                                                              CH.sub.3                                                                               C   55  85-86                         64  Diethyl 2-(3-pyridyl)-4,5-                                                     thiazoledicarboxylate                                                                          COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                          COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                     A   11  69-71                         65  4,5-Dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)                                                     thiazole (or: 3-(4,5-di-                                                       methyl-2-thiazolyl)-pyridine)                                                                  CH.sub.3     CH.sub.3                                                                               A   33  63-65                                                                              Hydro-                                                                               194-                                                                     chloride                                                                             196d                66  4-Ethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole                                                  (or: 3-(4-ethyl-2-thiazolyl)                                                   pyridine)       H            C.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                        A   37  33-35                                                                              Hydro-                                                                               166-                                                                     chloride                                                                             168                 67  Ethyl 5-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                  4-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                          CH.sub.3     COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                     A   31  48-51                         68  4-Methyl-5-nitro-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                thiazole (or: 3-(4-methyl-5-                                                   nitro-2-thiazolyl)pyridine)                                                                    NO.sub.2     CH.sub.3                                                                               E   79  113-                                                                               Hydro-                                                                               197-                                                                 115 chloride                                                                             198d                *69 4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole                                                 (or: 3-(4-methyl-2-thiazolyl)                                                  pyridine)       H            CH.sub.3                                                                               A   47  46-48                                                                              Hydro-                                                                               199-                                                                     chloride                                                                             201                 *70 Ethyl 2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazole-                                                carboxylate     H            COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                     A       70-72                                                                              Hydro-                                                                         bromide                   *71 2-(3-Pyridyl)-4-thiazole-                                                      carboxylic acid H            COOH    B   91  266-                                                                           267d                          72  4-Chloro-4-methyl-2-(3-                                                        pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarbox-                                                                     CONHC.sub.6 H.sub.4 -p-Cl                                                                   CH.sub.3                                                                               A   24  161-                              anilide                                      163                           73  2-(3-pyridyl)-4,5-thiazole-                                                                    CONHC.sub.6 H.sub.4 -                                                                       CONHC.sub.6 H.sub.4                               dicarboxy-o-toluidide                                                                          o-CH.sub.3   o-CH.sub.3                                                                             C       183-                                                                           187                           74  4-Ethyl-5-nitro-2-(3-pyridyl)                                                  thiazole        NO.sub.2     CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                                      E   60  82-84                                                                              Hydro-                                                                               173-                                                                     chloride                                                                             176d                75  4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5- thiazle acetic acid ethyl                                             ##STR10##   CH.sub.3                                                                               A   61  41.5- 43.5 57-60              76  4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5- thiazole acetic acid.                                                 ##STR11##   CH.sub.3                                                                               B   95  183- 185                      77  4-Methyl-3-(3-pyridyl)-5- thiazoylyl phenyl ketone                                              ##STR12##   CH.sub.3                                                                               A   16  88-89                         78  4-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5- thiazleacetamide                                                      ##STR13##   CH.sub.3                                                                               F   57  213- 215                      79  N,N,4-Trimethyl-2- (3-pyridyl)-5-thiazoleacetamide                                              ##STR14##   CH.sub.3                                                                               A   17  77-79                         __________________________________________________________________________      In compounds 1 to 48, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, and R.sup.5 are hydrogen      In compound 49, R.sup.3 is CH.sub.3 ; in compound 50, R.sup.2 is CH.sub.3      Compounds marked with an asterisk are not new.                           

The following examples illustrate the aphicidal use of the compounds of the invention.

EXAMPLE VI

The effectiveness of these compounds in controlling aphids was demonstrated by applying dilute sprays to barley seedlings infested with Corn Leaf Aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis, and with the Apple Grain Aphid, Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae.

Compounds tested were prepared for spraying at 2000 ppm (parts per million) by dissolving the chemical in a small amount of acetone and adding a small amount of a suitable wetting agent. Typically, 0.5 gram of chemical was dissolved in 10 ml. acetone, two drops of Triton X100 wetting agent (octylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol with 9-10 mole percent of polyethylene oxide) were added and this was dissolved or suspended in 250 milliliters (ml.) of water. Water soluble hydrochloride or sulfate salts were prepared by the addition of a wetting agent to the chemical with the proper amount of water, omitting the acetone solvent.

Barley seedlings, ten per cup, were grown for ten days in 12-ounce cups of soil. The seedlings were infested with corn leaf and apple grain aphids, and, two days later, the plants were sprayed thoroughly with the compound to be tested, covering all exposed foliage.

Five days later, results were found by determining the percent control of aphid populations on treated plants as compared to the population on untreated plants used as controls. Table C shows the percent control of aphids obtained at the spray concentration indicated.

                                      TABLE C                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Basic structure:                                                                ##STR15##                                                                                                            % Aphid Con-                            Compound                               trol (At p.p.m.)                        No.   R                    R.sup.1     Concentration)                                                                         Remarks                         __________________________________________________________________________      1(69)                                                                               H                    CH.sub.3    99(500)                                  2    H                    CH.sub.3    97(1000)                                                                               HCl salt of (1)                  3    H                    C.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                            97(500)                                  4    CH.sub.3             CH.sub.3    96(1000)                                 5(65)                                                                               CH.sub.3             CH.sub.3    93(500) HCl salt of (4)                  6(61)                                                                               CH.sub.3             C.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                            60(1000)                                 7(67)                                                                               CH.sub.3             COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                         40(1000)                                 8(17)                                                                               CN                   CH.sub.3    95(1000)                                 9    NO.sub.2             CH.sub.3    88(1000)                                10(68)                                                                               NO.sub.2             CH.sub.3    86(500) HCl salt of (9)                 11(41)                                                                               COCH.sub.3           CH.sub.3    93(2000)                                12(3) COOH                 CH.sub.3    93(2000)                                13    COOH                 CH.sub.3    77(2000)                                14(1) COOCH.sub.3          CH.sub.3    97(2000)                                15    COOCH.sub.3          CH.sub.3    93(500) HCl salt of (14)                16(2) COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5   CH.sub.3    100(1000)                               17    COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5   CH.sub.3    100(2000)                                                                              HCl salt of (16)                18    COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5   CH.sub.3    93(500) SO.sub.4 salt of (16)           19(4) COOC.sub.3 H.sub.7   CH.sub.3    85(500)                                 20(5) COO-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7                                                                               CH.sub.3    100(500)                                21    COO-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7                                                                               CH.sub.3    100(500)                                                                               HCl salt of (20)                22(6) COO-n-C.sub.5 H.sub.11                                                                              CH.sub.3    90(1000)                                23(7) COO-n-C.sub.12 H.sub.25                                                                             CH.sub.3    40(2000)                                24(9) COOCH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2                                                                              CH.sub.3    90(500)                                 25(10)                                                                               COOCH.sub.2 CCH      CH.sub.3    100(500)                                26(8)                                                                                 ##STR16##           CH.sub.3    90(500)                                 27(12)                                                                                ##STR17##           CH.sub.3    85(500)                                 28(11)                                                                                ##STR18##           CH.sub.3    80(2000)                                29(13)                                                                               COO(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OCH.sub.3                                                                       CH.sub.3    96(1000)                                30(14)                                                                               COO(CH.sub.2).sub.2 N(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                               CH.sub.3    80(500)                                 31(40)                                                                               COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5   n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7                                                                          80(1000)                                32(64)                                                                               COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5   COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                         91(1000)                                33(60)                                                                               COSC.sub.2 H.sub.5   CH.sub.3    90(1000)                                34(15)                                                                                ##STR19##           CH.sub.3    80(500)                                 35(16)                                                                               CONH.sub.2           CH.sub.3    100(500)                                36    CONH.sub.2           CH.sub.3    93(500) HCl salt of (35)                37(18)                                                                               CONHCH.sub.3         CH.sub.3    100(500)                                38(22)                                                                               CONH-n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9                                                                              CH.sub.3    98(500)                                 39(23)                                                                               CONH-tert            CH.sub.3    99(1000)                                      C.sub.4 H.sub.9                                                          40(51)                                                                               CONH-i-C.sub.4 H.sub.9                                                                              CH.sub.3    97(500)                                 41(26)                                                                               CONHC(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                                               CH.sub.3    60(1000)                                      CH.sub.2 C(CH.sub.3).sub.3                                               42(19)                                                                               CONHC.sub.2 H.sub.5  CH.sub.3    100(500)                                43(20)                                                                               CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                                       CH.sub.3    93(1000)                                44(21)                                                                               CONHCH(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                                              CH.sub.3    100(500)                                45(24)                                                                               CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.5 CH.sub.3                                                                       CH.sub.3    80(2000)                                46    CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.5 CH.sub.3                                                                       CH.sub.3    97(2000)                                                                               HCl salt of (45)                47(25)                                                                               CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.7 CH.sub.3                                                                       CH.sub.3    70(1000)                                48(37)                                                                               CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OH                                                                             CH.sub.3    100(500)                                49(63)                                                                               CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.3 OCH.sub.3                                                                      CH.sub.3    100(1000)                               50(27)                                                                                ##STR20##           CH.sub.3    86(500)                                 51(29)                                                                                ##STR21##           CH.sub.3    89(1000)                                52                                                                                    ##STR22##           CH.sub.3    20(2000)                                53                                                                                    ##STR23##                                                                                           ##STR24##  30(2000)                                                                               HCl salt                        54(28)                                                                                ##STR25##           CH.sub.3    60(1000)                                55(53)                                                                                ##STR26##           CH.sub.3    70(1000)                                56(54)                                                                               CONH(CH.sub.2).sub.3 N(CH.sub.3).sub.2                                                              CH.sub.3    95(500)                                 57(30)                                                                               CON(CH.sub.3).sub.2  CH.sub.3    100(500)                                58(31)                                                                               CON(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2                                                                          CH.sub.3    100(500)                                59    CON(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2                                                                          CH.sub.3    100(500)                                                                               SO.sub.4 salt of (58)           60(32)                                                                               CON(i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7).sub.2                                                                        CH.sub.3    80(500)                                 61(33)                                                                               CON(i-C.sub.4 H.sub.9).sub.2                                                                        CH.sub.3    45(1000)                                62(34)                                                                                ##STR27##           CH.sub.3    100(500)                                63(35)                                                                                ##STR28##           CH.sub.3    85(500)                                 64(36)                                                                                ##STR29##           CH.sub.3    100(500)                                65(59)                                                                                ##STR30##           CH.sub.3    95(1000)                                66(55)                                                                               CON(CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2).sub.2                                                                      CH.sub.3    90(1000)                                67(56)                                                                                ##STR31##           CH.sub.3    94(1000)                                68(57)                                                                                ##STR32##           CH.sub. 3   90(1000)                                69(58)                                                                                ##STR33##           CH.sub.3    80(1000)                                70(62)                                                                               COOCH.sub.3          CH.sub.2 COOCH.sub.3                                                                       80(1000)                                71(71)                                                                               H                    COOH        85(2000)                                72    H                    COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                         40(2000)                                73(70)                                                                               H                    COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                         60(2000)                                                                               HBr salt of (72)                74    H                    COOCH.sub.2 CCH                                                                            70(2000)                                75(48)                                                                               H                    CH.sub.2 COOH                                                                              70(1000)                                76(47)                                                                               H                    CH.sub.2 COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                100(500)                                77    H                    CH.sub.2 COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5                                                                100(1000)                                                                              HCl salt of (76)                78(46)                                                                               H                    CH.sub.2 COOCH.sub.3                                                                       100(1000)                               79(42)                                                                               H                    CONH.sub.2  90(500)                                 80(43)                                                                               H                    CONHCH.sub.3                                                                               60(2000)                                81(44)                                                                               H                    CON(C.sub.2 H.sub.5).sub.2                                                                 75(1000)                                82(45)                                                                               H                                                                                                    ##STR34##  80(2000)                                83    H                                                                                                    ##STR35##  50(2000)                                84    H                                                                                                    ##STR36##  60(2000)                                                                               HBR salt of (83)                85(50)                                                                               COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5   CH.sub.3    95(1000)                                                                               R.sup.2CH.sub.3                 86(49)                                                                               COOC.sub.2 H.sub.5   CH.sub.3    90(500) R.sup.3CH.sub.3                 87                                                                                    ##STR37##                       90(2000)                                88                                                                                    ##STR38##                       86(500)                                 89(74)                                                                               NO.sub.2             CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                                          20(1000)                                90(75)                                                                                ##STR39##           CH.sub.3    80(1000)                                91(76)                                                                                ##STR40##           CH.sub.3    90(1000)                                92(77)                                                                                ##STR41##           CH.sub.3    50(1000)                                93(78)                                                                                ##STR42##           CH.sub.3    30(1000)                                94    NO.sub.2             CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                                                          90(1000)                                95(79)                                                                                ##STR43##           CH.sub.3    98(1000)                                Comparison Data                                                                96                                                                                    ##STR44##                       0(2000)                                       (2-pyridyl, not 3-pyridyl)                                               97                                                                                    ##STR45##                       0(2000)                                       (4-pyridyl, not 3-pyridyl)                                               98                                                                                    ##STR46##                       95(500)                                       (nicotine)                                                               __________________________________________________________________________

Numbers in parentheses beside the compound number are taken from Table B.

EXAMPLE VII

A series of tests were made to show that the compounds of this invention protect the parts of a plant above ground when the compounds are applied to the soil in which the plant had its roots.

Seedling barley plants one to two weeks old were grown in cups containing a potting soil mixture. The weight of the soil in each cup was approximately 400 grams. The chemicals to be tested were dissolved or suspended in water at concentrations of 600 ppm and of 150 ppm. 26 ml aliquots of each concentration were applied to two pots each, giving a final dilution in the soil of approximately 40 ppm and 10 ppm respectively. The barley seedlings were infested with Corn Leaf Aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis. After six days in the greenhouse, the population of aphids in the treated pots was compared to that of the untreated controls and the percent control recorded as shown in Table D.

                  TABLE D                                                          ______________________________________                                                           % Control by Soil Drench                                     Chemical            40 PPM     10 PPM                                          ______________________________________                                         4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole                                                                     100        95                                              4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole                                                 hydrochloride       100        100                                             4,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)                                                     thiazole            100        95                                              4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                      thiazolecarboxylic acid                                                                            100        0                                               Ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                                  5-thiazolecarboxylate                                                                              100        100                                             5-acetyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)                                                thiazole            85         40                                              4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                      thiazolecarboxamide 100        90                                              4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-                                                      thiazolecarboxanilide                                                                              95         15                                              4-ethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole                                                                      90         40                                              4-ethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole                                                  hydrochloride       100        80                                              Nicotine            0          0                                               ______________________________________                                    

In this test, a systemic effect was demonstrated. The plants apparently absorbed the compounds through their roots and transmitted them to the aphid-infested portions where the compounds killed the insects.

EXAMPLE VIII

This example demonstrates the selective effect of one of the preferred compounds in controlling insects, namely ethyl 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate (A).

The compound was prepared for use by adding 15 grams to 37 milliliters (ml) of super high flash naphtha and 3 ml of Emulfor 719, an emulsifier, and then diluting with water to make up 71/2 liters for a concentration of 2000 parts per million (ppm) of active ingredient. Similarly, dilutions were made to produce concentrations of 1000 ppm and 500 ppm.

The emulsions were applied as sprays to 10-foot apple trees that had been heavily infested with Green Apple aphids, Aphis pomi. The foliage of the trees was sprayed until thoroughly drenched.

Three days after spraying, leaves on ten shoots per tree were examined for aphids, and the number of aphids present was compared to the number on untreated trees, and to trees sprayed with phosphamidon (B), a commercially available broad spectrum insecticide. Results were:

                  TABLE E                                                          ______________________________________                                                                            Syrphid                                              Rate,    No.      % Control                                                                              Larvae on                                   Compound ppm      Trees    Aphids  10 shoots*                                  ______________________________________                                         A        2000     5        96      1.2                                         A        100      3        88      2.3                                         A        500      4        85      1.25                                        B        300      5        99      0                                           None     --       4         0      0.25                                        ______________________________________                                          *Average after spraying.                                                 

The results showed effective aphid control with both A and B. But B killed the beneficial insects (syrphid larvae); its activity was not selective. A selectively killed only harmful insects.

EXAMPLE IX

Many of the compounds of this invention are useful for killing mosquitos.

Compounds were prepared for this use by dissolving 30 milligrams (mg) of each in 10 ml of acetone. Dilutions were made with water to the desired concentration. Two 25 ml aliquots were placed in test tubes to which were added 10 to 25 mosquito larvae. The larvae were fourth instar larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

The tubes were held at 70° Fahrenheit (F.) in darkness for 72 hours. At the end of this period, the live and dead larvae were counted, and the percent control was calculated. The results:

                  TABLE F                                                          ______________________________________                                                               % Control                                                                      Mosquito Larvae                                          Compound              (Dosage 10 ppm)                                          ______________________________________                                         4'-Chloro-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-                                              5-thiazolecarboxanilide                                                                              80                                                       2-(3-pyridyl)-4,5-thiazoledicar-                                               boxy-o-toluidide      90                                                       ______________________________________                                     

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for controlling insects comprising applying to them an insecticidally effective amount of a compound of the general formula (I): ##STR47## wherein: R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ can be the same or different and are hydrogen or an alkyl group containing up to 3 carbon atoms, and R and R¹ can be the same or different and are:(a) hydrogen (b) an alkyl group containing up to 6 carbon atoms (c) a cycloalkyl group containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms (d) a cyano group (e) a nitro group (f) --R¹⁰ COXR³ wherein R¹⁰ is a single covalent bond or a divalent aliphatic acyclic hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms, X is divalent sulfur or oxygen, and R⁶ is(i) an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group containing up to 12 carbon atoms (ii) a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group containing 5 to 8 carbon atoms (iii) an aryl, aralkyl, alkyl substituted aralkyl, or alkaryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms (iv) an hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, arkylaminoalkyl, or aralkylaminoalkyl group containing up to 10 carbon atoms (g) --R¹⁰ COR⁷ where R¹⁰ has the meaning specified in (f) and wherein R⁷ is:(i) hydrogen; (ii) an alkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms or phenyl; (iii) an --NR⁸ R⁹ group wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and are: hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and alkylaminoalkyl containing up to 8 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl of 5 to 8 carbon atoms, an aryl, haloaryl, aralkyl, and alkaryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen or methyl, R is:(a) hydrogen; (b) methyl; (c) a cyano group; (d) anitro group; (e) --R¹⁰ COXR⁶ wherein R¹⁰ is a single covalent bond or methylene, X is divalent sulfur or oxygen, and R⁶ is:(i) an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group containing up to 5 carbon atoms (ii) a cycloalkyl group having 5 to 6 carbon atoms (iii) phenyl (iv) an hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or alkylaminoalkyl group containing up to 4 carbon atoms (f) --R¹⁰ COR⁷ wherein R¹⁰ has the meaning specified in (e) and wherein R⁷ is:(i) hydrogen (ii) methyl (iii) --NR⁸ R⁹ wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and are hydrogen, an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkoxyalkyl having up to 4 carbon atoms, an aminoalkyl or alkylaminoalkyl having no more than 5 carbon atoms wherein the sum of the carbon atoms of R⁸ and R⁹ is no greater than 6, a cycloalkyl having 5 to 6 carbon atoms, and phenyl.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, R is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, a cyano group, a nitro group or --COXR⁶ wherein X is divalent sulfur or oxygen and wherein R⁶ is:(a) an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkylaminoalkyl group having up to 4 carbon atoms or (b) phenyl or cyclohexyl, or R is --CONR⁸ R⁹ wherein R⁸ and R⁹ can be the same or different and are hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or when either R⁸ or R⁹ is hydrogen, the other group is an hydroxyalkyl having up to 2 carbon atoms, an alkoxyalkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkylaminoalkyl having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a cyclohexyl radical.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is 4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole.
 5. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is 4-ethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole.
 6. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is 4,5-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole.
 7. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is 4-methyl-5-nitro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole.
 8. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is the HCl salt of 4-ethyl-5-nitro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazole.
 9. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate.
 10. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is N,4-dimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide.
 11. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is N-ethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide.
 12. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is N,N,4-trimethyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide.
 13. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is N,N-diethyl-4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)-5-thiazolecarboxamide.
 14. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound is ethyl 2-(3-pyridyl)-4-thiazoleacetate. 